Rhetorical Analysis on Bushs Letter to Hussein - 917 Words

Ana Giorlando Feb. 4, 2013 Pithy Persuasiveness in a Letter Abroad President George Bush’s letter to President Saddam Hussein is a convincing segment intended to persuade Hussein to remove his forces from Kuwait before conflict ensues. Some critical readers believe that Bush does not provide a rational argument, but this paper is taking the standpoint that Bush not only is rational, but cogent. President George Bush is able to effectively convey his forceful message to President Saddam Hussein, expressing that Iraq must leave Kuwait through the use of establishing credibility, strength, repetition, and persuasive appeals by explaining that the world will not tolerate war and violence any longer.†¦show more content†¦While using small statistic numbers, trying to persuade the President of Iraq how they stand alone, Bush states how many people are on the United States side. These include; Security Council Resolutions, the countries providing militaries, and all the gove rnments that are in agreement with them, concluding that it is Iraq at odds with the world. This having evidence, is a scare tactic as it shows Hussein that they are mostly unaided and also, a show of adverse consequences pushing Iraq to believe that they would undoubtedly lose the fight. Even though the message comes across to some extent threatening to the people of Iraq, Bush appeases the feeling by stating that his intention was only to inform them seeing as how the United States has no quarrel with Iraq. In conclusion, President George Bush’s letter shows how united the world is against Iraq’s aggression. Twenty-eight countries would give military aid and one hundred governments would agree with the United States position. Iraq has no allies in their takeover of Kuwait. Bush’s threats of military action challenge Saddam Hussein’s arrogance and sense of infallibility. Warnings of the destruction of Iraq’s military and loss of life would be on the hands of Hussein himself. The United States would not be responsible for Iraq’s losses. Again, the primary audience for this letter is Hussein himself, because in a dictatorship such as Iraq, the people themselves are deprived of such information. BruteShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Michael Moore’s Treatment of His Subject Matter within the Documentaries Bowling for Columbine and Fahrenheit 9112328 Words   |  10 PagesAnalysis of Michael Moore’s Treatment of His Subject Matter within the Documentaries Bowling for Columbine and Fahrenheit 911 â€Å"A documentary may be as a film or television or radio programme that provides factual information about a subject. Typically, a documentary is a journalistic record of events presented on screen.† The main conventions of documentaries tend to be that the documentary has voice-over commentary; the main focus is on the issues rather than relationships

Borderline Personality Disorder Psychological Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder Kelsea P Porter Psychology Mrs. Kline 22 November 2015 Borderline Personality Disorder When instructed to write a 3-5 page paper over a psychological disorder I wondered to myself what disorder could I do to interest me enough to take so much time to look into. What one disorder would I have to force myself to research and write about that would not be completely painful? This is when I decided to write my paper over the Borderline Personality Disorder, the disorder Mrs. Kline refers to as the crazy girlfriend disorder which fits the disorder a lot better. This disorder grabbed my attention because I’m interested in what causes one to become so obsessive in such a short time span. In this research paper I will inform you about what can cause this disorder, what symptoms and actions are made by the ones affected by this disorder, and the treatment that reduces the symptoms. What is Borderline Personality Disorder? Defined by the website www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.com, â€Å"Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental illness that causes unstable moods, behavior, and relationships. It usually begins during adolescence or early adulthood.† One may wonder what can be the cause of this disorder. BPD can be detected by an in-person interview about the symptoms that are occurring. The input from family and close friends of the individual that is being treated can also help detect the symptoms. The causes for BPD are not fullyShow MoreRelatedBorderline Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1659 Words   |  7 Pagesenigmatic condition. The term â€Å"Borderline,† coined by Adolph Stern in 1938 (Optimum Performance Institute), refers to the behavior exhibited by these patients who are on the borderline between neurosis and psychosis. The oscillating nature and unknown concrete cause of this disorder makes it difficult to treat. Due to this, Borderline Personality Disorder, or BPD, has become one of the most controversial disorders to work with in the psychiatric community. Often time Borderline patients are avoided entirelyRead MoreThe Psychology Of Mental Illness973 Words   |  4 PagesThe history as well as the present study of psychological disorders is confusing and intriguing.Psychological disorders have been misunderstood since the 4th century BC. Throughout history knowledge and science have presented various causes, treatments and diagnoses. With the basic idea proposed by Hippocrates of the connection of our mood to the color of our bodily fluids to today s modern and scientific diagnoses and treatments , psychological disorders can now be effectively treated (â€Å"The HistoryRead MoreThe Rate Of Psychological Illness1637 Words   |  7 Pages The rates of psychological illness and social ineptitude are found to be relatively high among lone actors. Particularly, lone wolf terrorists tend to devel op their schema through personal frustrations and aversion with broader political, religious, or social broader political, social, or religious ambitions. Through this process, many lone wolf actors console on the beliefs and ideologies generated by extremist movements. Current psychological research on personality disorders aims to identifyRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder: A Literature Review Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagestraced back to 1938 when Adolph Stern first described the symptoms of the disorder as neither being psychotic nor psychoneurotic; hence, the term ‘borderline’ was introduced (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009, p. 15). Then in 1960, Otto Kernberg coined the term ‘borderline personality organization’ to describe persistent patterns of behavior and functioning consisting of instability, and distressed psychological self-organization (National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health, 2009Read MoreApplication of Clinical Pychology1243 Words   |  5 Pagespsychiatric disorders. Clinical psychologist are involved with helping people with abnormal behavior and who may be suffering from psychological distress. Patients are often individualized by psychological, biological and social factors of their case. Clinical psychologist work very close with their patients to help assess and diagnose which psychological disorder they are suffering from. Case Overview As we examine the case of Martha, who suffers from severe depression and borderline personality disorderRead MoreClient Information : Jessie E. Smith1050 Words   |  5 Pagesadditional psychological issues. Jessica has emotional problems that are interfering with her ability to work and function at times. Jessica is a recovering drug addict but she has issues controlling her alcohol problem. Jessica acknowledged her issues, so she began attending two individual psychotherapy sessions per week. The diagnosis of Jessica will be determined on the information provided, such as background history, behavior observation, and test administered. Axis I 301. 83 borderline personalityRead MorePersonality Of Personality Disorders And The Wpa Section On Personality Disorder1359 Words   |  6 PagesPersonality disorder has being and issue among therapist and psychiatrist. Also Personality disorder is presently being acknowledged as an essential condition in standard psychiatry over the world. In spite of the fact that it regularly stays unrecognized in customary practice, research studies have demonstrated that it is familiar, makes significant bleakness, is connected with high expenses to administrations and to society, and meddles, generally adversely, with advancement in the treatment ofRead More Walking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder947 Words   |  4 PagesWalking a Difficult Line: Taking a Look at Borderline Personality Disorder Individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) live a difficult existence. These are people for whom maintaining normal interpersonal relationships, controlling anger, suffer from extreme self-doubt and drastic mood swings, among other symptoms. They comprise only 2% of the population, but have a disorder which the psychiatric and scientific communities have trouble acknowledging, and great difficulty treatingRead MoreUnderstanding Emotional And Social Relationships Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesExploring Psychological Research The studies that I chose to participate in where Emotions and Social Relationships, Psychotic-like Experiences in Borderline Personality Disorder and Exploring Personality, Violent Thoughts and Violent Behavior. Emotion Topic Area The study I chose for this category was Emotions and Social Relationships. I chose this study because there have been many times when my emotions have had an enormous impact on my social relationships. I also know there are people whoRead MorePsychology Is The Study Of Human Behavior1447 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent types of psychology, both normal and abnormal as the overarching distinctions. There are also many disorders associated with abnormal behavior psychology such as schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, antisocial personality disorders, and borderline personality disorders. Of course, there are also many therapies from each respective perspective of psychology to treat these disorders as well. Normal psychology is the study of the behaviors that fit within the bounds of socially accepted normalities

Channel Distribution Free Essays

HISTORY OF PROCTER GAMBLE: Procter Gamble Co., also known as PG, is an American multinational consumer goods company headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. Its products include pet foods, cleaning agents, and personal care products. We will write a custom essay sample on Channel Distribution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prior to the sale of Pringles to the Kellogg Company, its product line included foods and beverages. In 2012, PG recorded $83.68 billion in sales. Fortune magazine awarded PG a top spot on its list of â€Å"Global Top Companies for Leaders†, and ranked the company at fifteenth place of the â€Å"World’s Most Admired Companies† list.Chief Executive Magazine named PG the best overall company for leadership development in its list of the â€Å"40 Best Companies for Leaders†. THE POWER OF PURPOSE: Companies like PG are a force in the world. Our market capitalization is greater than the GDP of many countries, and we market our products in more than 180 countries. With this stature comes both responsibility and opportunities. Our responsibility is to be an ethical corporate citizen-but our opportunity is something far greater, and is embodied in our PURPOSE. PG’s Purpose Statement articulates a common goal that inspires us daily: â€Å"We will provide branded products and services of superior quality and value that improves the lives of the world’s consumers, now and generations to come. As a result, consumers will reward us with leadership sales, profit, and value creation, allowing our people, our shareholders, and the communities in which we live and work to prosper.† PG PRODUCT: Downy is a brand name of fabric softener produced by Procter Gamble and sold in the United States. It entered the U.S. test market in August 1960 and went nationwide in December 1961. It was also sold in Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Egypt and Latin America. Lenor is a brand name of fabric softener and dryer sheets, also produced by Procter Gamble, sold in Europe, Russia, China and Japan. Plans to rebrand Lenor as Downy in the UK were dropped in 2002. CONCLUSION: My conclusion about my research about the retailers and suppliers of PG is they have so many products manufactured inside and outside the Philippines, that’s why they are one of the best chosen products/company here in our country because of their quality and service they are providing to the customers so the customers can satisfy the needs and wants of their fellow customers. I also want to include that PG will inspire many Filipinos to their products they introduce each and every time they produce a new product to the market. How to cite Channel Distribution, Papers

Blood Brothers Theatre Review Essay Example For Students

Blood Brothers Theatre Review Essay On Thursday the second of October 2003 3:00pm my drama group went to the theatre production Blood Brothers at the Phoenix Theatre in Charing Cross Road, London. The theatre appeared to be quite old, like many theatres around Covent Garden its rooms were furnished with red carpets on the floor, glossy serving counters, wooden carved decors and chandeliers in the hallways. The actual auditorium, however, was quite small; the seats were set and had boxes on either side. My group sat in the stalls, which is on the lowest level and I did not have the time to venture up to the other circles. My seat was L 23 and I faced the stage from stage right but the angle didnt come in the way when the play was on. The stage was an end on proscenium arch. Instead of a curtain, when I went in I saw a gauze, through it some dark outlines could be made out I think that the shadowy effect created by the gauze helped emphasize the suspense. The play started with an overture coming from the second floor of the set while the auditorium was still light and noisy, when the lights dimmed a red flood light was lit behind the gauze and the outlines turned out to be stretchers at this point they also lit a gobo onto the gauze. The gobo was in a strange shape that could have been veins or something very close to it, the shape was a contemporary shape used to make the audience think. Then, people started to come on slowly, two lay down on the stretchers and a red cover was used to cover them, the others stood around looking grieved. Suddenly the overture went quieter and the narrator started to speak, I listened and realised that this was the end of the story, I thought this a very effective way to start, especially how the mood suddenly switched as the story went back in time. Other uses of lighting were also interesting, in the scene where the twins go to the cinema, the light flickering onto their faces made it look very real and the fun fair and bar signs that were flown in gave extra set effects to the night time town. Also lights were used to make the tableaux more effective, it darkened or shed blue lights to where the tableaux were going on while spotlighting the narrator. The tableaux were not the only time that the purples and blues were used, at scenes were Mrs. Lyons is going mad all the lighting reflects her melancholy, while scenes such as when Linda was flirting with Mickey or when they played in their childhood they used warm colours to reflect the weather. The sets portrayed the lives of two very different classes in Liverpool, the stage right was the poor area where the Johnstons live and the stage left was the rich area where the Lyonss lived. This was all shown in the minor differences in the houses. Where one side had a lot of doors closely packed next to each other, the other showed houses with doors quite separate from each other and with pillars either side of the door. There were even differences in the flooring. The stage left floor had wooden flooring while the stage right had brick floors. On the first set there was a brick wall with graffiti on it in between the two sides and behind that you can just make out a backdrop representing the city at night this backdrop would have stars on it, made by fairy lights. On the second set, however, the wall was wheeled off onto either side, leaving a backdrop and tree cutouts either side of the stage representing the countryside then in the scenes where they went to town, the town backdrop was used again. Near the end of the story, a bridge for the characters to walk over was flown in it was probably the Runcorn Bridge. .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 , .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .postImageUrl , .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 , .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6:hover , .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6:visited , .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6:active { border:0!important; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6:active , .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6 .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u533f3db4cee1f7a2a1d4add2d640bae6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kiss of the Spider Woman Essay ThesisWhen the set was Mrs. Lyonss living room, Mrs. Johnstons kitchen or Mickeys living room, Scenery was flown-in, also with minimal portrayal, letting the audiences imagination develop. In front of the fly-ins were placed furniture, often brought in by the characters or the narrator. There was even a wonderful part at the beginning of the play where the Narrator pulled on a washing line. I thought that this way of setting the scenes and bringing on props, however non-naturalistic, was not only quick and efficient but also very effective.

Hamlet Essays (833 words) - Characters In Hamlet,

Hamlet Hamlet In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare Two of the character's fathers are brutishly murdered. The first murdered character is King Hamlet who is supposed to be revenge by his son prince Hamlet. The second murder is Polonius who is supposed to be revenged by his son Laertes. Both Prince Hamlet and Laertes go to seek revenge for the death of fathers, however they will each use different methods to accomplish their deeds. Prince Hamlet has a meeting with the dead ghost of his father King Hamlet. King Hamlet's ghost reveals to his son, his murder by his brother Claudius. Hamlet is informed by his father that he needs to be avenged by the death of his brother Claudius. By this time Claudius has already ascended the throne, and married Hamlet's mother Queen Gertrude. Hamlet decides to take a passive approach to avenge his father. Hamlet first decides to act abnormal which does not accomplish much besides warning his uncle that he might know he killed his father. Later in the play a troop of actors come to act out a play, and Hamlet has them reenact the murder of is father in front of his uncle Claudius. The actors murder scene also make Hamlet question himself about the fact that he has done nothing yet to avenge his father. Hamlet says But am I Pigeon-livered and lack gall / To make oppression bitter, or ere this / I should ha' fatted all the region kites / With this slave's offal. Bloody, bawdy villain! ( Act II scene 2 page 84 line 577- 580 ). During the play Hamlet watches is uncle Claudius to see his reaction when the actors perform the murder scene. Hamlet plan works his uncle throws a fit and runs out the room, where Hamlet goes after him. When Hamlet catches up to his uncle his uncle is kneeling down praying, and Hamlet pulls out his sword and gets ready to kill him. But all the sudden Hamlet changes his mind because if he kills his uncle while he's praying he will go to heaven, and Hamlet wants him to go to hell. So hamlet postpones the execution of his uncle. The next confrontation does not happen till the end of the book when Hamlet escapes from his uncle's ill murder attempt on his life. Hamlet later sword fences with Laertes. All the sudden Hamlet's mother Queen Gertrude drinks a poison glass intended for Hamlet. When Hamlet is not looking Laertes stabs him with a poison sword then Hamlet takes hold of the poisoned sword, and stabs Laertes with it. As this happens Queen Gertrude dies from the poison drink. As Laertes lays down dying he reveals to Hamlet that his uncle King Claudius was behind it all, the poisoned sword and drink that has just killed his mother. Hamlet then in a fit of rage runs his uncle through with the poison sword. Hamlet has now finally revenged his father through much time then after his task is completed he finally collapses from the poison on the sword. Polonius is murdered by Hamlet when Polonius his discovered listening to Hamlet, and his mother's Queen Gertrude conversation . Hamlet unknowing of who the person behind the tapestry is, kills Polonius from where he was spying. When news of his fathers death reaches Polonius's son Laertes, he comes back with an entourage to seek revenge for his fathers death. In this conversation Laertes believes Hamlets uncle King Claudius is responsible for his fathers death. How came he dead? I'll not be juggled with. / To hell, allegiance! Vows, to the blackest devil! / Conscience and grace, to the profoundest pit! / I dare damnation. To this point I stand, / That both the worlds I give to negligence, / Let come what comes, only I'll be revenged / Most thoroughly for my father. ( Act IV scene 5 page 134 line 133-139 ) Laertes takes a more aggressive stand point than Hamlet Laertes is ready to kill the king right away thinking that he murdered his father. But king Claudius tells Laertes that Hamlet is the one who killed his father. King Claudius also finds out that Hamlet has escape the trap that he setup to get him murdered. So King Claudius sets up another plan with Laertes. This plan calls for Hamlet and Laertes to have a mock sword fight, but Laertes will be using a real poisoned sword. Laertes agrees with this, ready to claim Hamlets life for his father's vile

Bibliography Essays - Strategic Management, Management, Free Essays

Bibliography Essays - Strategic Management, Management, Free Essays Bibliography Porter, Michael E. 2008 The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review Vol.86 Issue 1, p78-93 Grundy, Tony.2006Rethinking and Reinventing Michael Porters Five Forces Model. Strategy Change, Vol.15 Issue 5, p213-229 Porter, Michael E. 1979 How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review Vol.57 Issue 2, p137-145 Barney, Jay B. 1995 Looking inside for Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Executive Vol.9 No.4 Porter, Michael E. 1980 1985 Competitive Strategy. New York Free Press. Barney, Jay B. 2001 Is the Resources-based View a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research? Yes. Academy of Management Review, Vol.26 Issue 1, p41-56 Mata, Francisco J. and Barney, Jay B.1995, Information Technology and Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Resources-Based Analysis. MIS Quarterly, Vol.19 Issue 4, p487-505 Ohmae, K. (1983), The Strategic Triangle and Business Unit Strategy. McKinsey Quarterly (4): p9-12 Barney, J. B. (2007), Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. B Rumelt, R.P. (1984), Towards a strategic theory of the firm. Competitive Management 556-570 Priem. R. L & Butler. J. E (2001), Is The Resources Based View A Useful Perspective For Strategic Management Research? Academy of Management Review, Vol.26, No1, p22-40 Kraaijenbrink. J (2010), The Resources-Based View: A Review and Assessment of its Critiques Journal of Management, 36,349

Network and Internet Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Network and Internet Security - Essay Example On the other hand, the single key encryption only uses a single secret key for both encryption and decryption of messages. A hybrid of the two that is single key and public key encryption is what the modern encryption model entails to help establish reliable secure sessions. According to De & Yung (2006, 127), session keys help enhance security of a system in cases where two parties have an encrypted connections to third party. By use of these session keys, the third party can deliver keys the other two parties on the encrypted links. Session keys are established by use of Diffie-Hellman key exchange which enables the secret exchange of keys between two users on a communication channel by the use of exchange algorithms. This way of key generation does not required the presence of a central authentication server or any key distribution center. These two users maintain a secured encrypted message through a partial share of information. Some data is privately stored while some is publicly given for the other party to use. Using exchange algorithms, the two parties can use the publicly aired data to encrypt hidden messages from senders on a crowded communication channel (De & Yung 2006, 127). User 1 computes the key using the public data given by user 2 and viceviser. Both calculations will eventually yield similar results indicating a common interpretation. Kerberos V4 uses session keys to help maintain a secured communication protocol (Bao, Deng & Zhou 2004, 30). Kerberos v4 are useful in verifying users at work places who would wish to access services within a network. Session keys use in Kerberos would restrict access only to identified and authorized users and would accurately authenticate requests for uses. These authentication procedures make the use of session keys become very relevant in Kerberos. It will be almost impossible for another side user to communicate with the server since the given session key is

Concepts of Health Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concepts of Health Behavior - Essay Example Views regarding the interaction between the two concepts come from all directions. Thus, the initial action of health professionals and authorities is to define and categorize the said relationship between health and behavior. There are important terms to define in the study of the relationship between health and behavior. The aspects to be defined to be able to achieve a deeper understanding of the relationship between health and behavior include behavior, health and risk factors. Behavior, also referred to as biobehavioral sciences can be defined as the aspect of the field of study related to the empirical data and analyses of animal and human behavior with the inclusion of the different types of sciences pertinent to the study such as neuroanatomy, neurology, neurochemistry, endocrinology, immunology, psychology, psychiatry, epidemiology, ethnology, sociology, anthropology and new interdisciplinary fields such as behavioral genetics, psychoneuroimmunology, and behavioral medicine. Health is another aspect of the study which is defined as the state of wellness. In terms of the definition related to behavior, it is defined as the state of resistance or recovery from different types of issues that can affect the body such as disease, illness, and intervention.

Sales Planning and Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Sales Planning and Operations - Assignment Example Essentially, marketing is concerned with satisfaction of the consumer needs profitably. Therefore, for an organisation like Hendrix business to be better positioned to anticipate and satisfy the needs of the customers, there is need for them to have information about different targeted customers. Thus, through the efforts of the sales force, relationship marketing becomes firmly entrenched in commercial practice so the role of the sales person will increasingly encompass some of these wider issues. It is important for any organisation that is concerned with its viability to establish relationship with its customers to encourage positive image resulting in customer loyalty and repeat purchasing. The task of selling is principally about communication by word of mouth (Kotler 1999). Purchasers of the products normally need more than just advertisements when they want to make a decision to purchase something. The professional sales person is very flexible medium of communication and is b etter positioned to establish purchasing motives through listening to the buyer. He can then emphasise appropriate aspects of the product or the company in terms of meeting and satisfying the motivational considerations of the buyers. In the given scenario, the sales force can be effectively used to gather the views of the customers and make appropriate decisions that will satisfy the anticipated needs of the customers. This strategy can as well implemented to promote business to business B2B selling where Hendrix business will seek to sell its products to the other organisations. On the other hand, the company’s image is personally delivered... This paper says that the members of the team can also collectively work together to gather information about the potential as well as targeted customers. This information can be used to shape the marketing strategies of the above mentioned organisation. In most cases, a successful marketing strategy is determined by the information about the customers held by the organisation. Concerted efforts of a team are required in gathering this information that can also be used to portray the image of the organisation positively. The main purpose of the sales team is to coordinate their efforts towards the achievement of the sales goals of the organisation. Business is meant for gaining profits which can only be achieved when an organisation is aware of the needs of the customers and their buying behaviour which is the basis of marketing. It approves that Over and above, it can be noted that within a marketing strategy, personal selling plays a pivotal role in the growth and sustenance of business and it compliments other promotional activities. Personal selling plays a major role in gathering information about the needs of the customers, communication needs of the organisation as well as portraying the image of the organisation in a positive way. It has also been noted that the aspect of consumer behaviour has a bearing on the decision making process by the customers in making a purchase for a particular product. Sales teams also play a pivotal role in gathering the informational requirements of the organisation.

Healthy Settlement of Migratory Workers

Healthy Settlement of Migratory Workers Project on healthy settlement of migratory workers in a town of Gujarat Background: Migration is the inevitable process of any country. People are migrating for the better opportunities and socioeconomic condition. Particularly the workforce migration is more common in last decade due to boom in construction industry in India. This inevitable process should be made safe and healthy by the local and national government. But unfortunately there is no policy of government for such migratory population in country, which force to pay heavy cost for human development. Due to this the migrant population are always neglected and left to mercy of God. They do not have safe hygiene, safe water supply, safe shelter, good education, healthcare or safe food. There are some facts and figures in this context – The Article 19 of Constitution of India gives right to all citizens ‘to move freely throughout the territory of India; to reside and settle in any part of territory of India’. As per NSSO 2007-08, internal migration in India is 28.5% of population. The migration in India is the two types; long term and short term migration. Long term migration results the permanent relocation. Short term migration means seasonal migration around 30% of total migration is short term or seasonal migration. This is the group which is manly belonging to lower sociao economic group and poor vulnerable group. They are schedule casts or schedule tribe with low education, economically weak and lack of resources. Majority of workforce migrate for the opportunity of work. The females are the associated migratory population. This construction industry has the 310,000 Crores INR volumes. And around 82% of workforce is unorganized and unskilled labour. The bigger the city, higher the number of migratory workers with great expectation of the employment. But it doesn’t mean there is no migration to small town. On 28th July 2014, Indian Express reported that CAG reported that only 6% of 12 lack construction workers are registered in Gujarat. This registration is for providing the eight welfare schemes. The eight welfare schemes are educational assistance, maternity benifites, accidental death, medical assistance, housing assistance, Rastriya Swasth Bima Yojana, funeral assistance and training. Looking to these challenges the _______ NGO working in the Gujarat is willing to develop model concept for the government which is easy scalable and cost effective for the settlement of migratory workers in small town and city of the Gujarat. The project for to provide holistic social economic development of migratory population in a town Surendranagar of Gujarat with following objectives – To assess the baseline living condition including education, social, health, hygienic conditions of temporary migratory workers in a town of Gujarat. To develop healthy and hygienic settlement shelter care model for the temporary migratory population. To find out the use of mobile technology for registration and movement of such population. To develop model such a way that they will get all government services and welfare schemes at their door steps. To generate awareness among the builder lobby for the right of construction migratory workers and welfare schemes. Develop self-help group among such workers for self care. Project time:2015-18 About organization HELP TRUST The HELP TRUST was founded in 2006. Some devoted and educated working people got together and decided to start some gainful activities to benefit the society’s economically backward class by providing them social and health equity of all kinds. The main aim of organization is to achieve highest social and health services for deprived communities. Some activities were conducted in year 2010-11 that are as follow: Training for industrial workers about Safety and Health Awareness about Female feticide and ‘Beti Bachao’ Anti tobacco day celebration Awareness about kitchen garden among 4 villages of Viramgam Block, Ahmedabad district Awareness about ante-natal check up among rural women in 8 villages of Surendranager district. World Breast Feeding week celebration among urban slum of city Surendranager and 6 villages of Wadhawan block, district Surendranager. Woman right awareness Shibir in urban areas of district Surendranager and Ahmedabad. Medical camp for children and women Distribution of education kit to poor and needy students. Worm compost training for needy farmers in rural areas of district Surendranager. Awareness about impact of climate change and human health among young students of Surendranager city. Iodized salt promotion Champaign in Wadhawan Block. Along with above activities the organization is working in the field of Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS for last five years. The organization field workers are observing world tuberculosis day and world AIDS day every year in community and increasing the awareness about disease. (Refer annual report of organization). Organizational resources: Organization has good infrastructure which can be used for project. The organization has field level staff that can help for the project. The travel and other expenses can be bared under scheme. Organisation has TV/VCD for display of various IEC. Population of district:1767377 Migratory population (2011):123716 (if we consider 7% of population) Methodology Project implementation – The project will be conducted phase manner Phase – 1 Baseline survey to find out the actual population, mapping and their problem in local scenario (Year 2015-16) in Surendranagar In phase -1 In the town Surendranagar, all the wards will be screened for the mapping and sociao-demographic mapping of the migratory population with identification of social, economic, health, educational and other problems. This baseline survey will be done in a year. With snow balling method of sampling and all the wards of town will be covered for the assessment. Phase – 2 Implementation of healthy holistic settlement for migratory population in Surendranagar (2016–18) and the feasibility assessment of the model, including use of mobile technology for tracking of the migratory population, temporary shelter with all basic care supply model with token charges, providing health, education and basic facilities with local corporation bodies, self help group development and social support to needy people. The operational and feasibility issues will be identified and resolved over the time. Phase -3 Evaluation and Sharing of experiences with government (2018-19) Evaluation and outcome of the model the outcome will be measured with the help of qualitative and quantitative study of service utilization. The various stakeholders will be interrogated for feasibility and improvement. Lastly wide dissemination of information will be done for the awareness in community and policy makers for further expansion at national level in programme. Financial details ActivitiesUnit costTotal (Rs) 1. Baseline in-depth survey 20,00,000 1 year20,00,000 with mapping 2. Salary of various postfor 4 years 1,95,12,000 a. Programme officer(1) (@60,000*12 = 7,20,000*4= 28,80,000) b. Finance officer (1) (@25,000*12 = 3,00,000*4 = 12,00,000) c. Public health consultant(1) (@50,000*12= 6,00,000*3= 18,00,000) d. Social scientist (1) (@25,000*12 = 3,00,000*4 = 12,00,000) e. Environmental scientist (1) (@30,000*12=3,60,000*3= 10,80,000) e. Software expert(1) (@25,000*12 = 3,00,000*2 = 6,00,000) f. Liaison officer(1) (@25,000*12 = 3,00,000*4 = 12,00,000) g. Field supervisor (4) (@15,000*12*4*4=28,80,000) h. Ward level Field workers (14) (@8,000*12*4*14 =53,76,000) i. Office assistance cum peon (2)(@5,000*12*4 = 2,40,000) j. Honorarium to consultant and expert with travelling (10,56,000) 3. Ward-wise Model shelter home cost (14 * 15 * 1,00,000 such -one time) 4. Maintenance cost of shelter home (15,00,000/year*3) 45,00,000 5. Training and capacity building of various staff(10,00,000/year for 3 years) 30,00,000 6. Development Reproduction of IEC material (5,00,000/y*3)15,00,000 7. Travel expenses(5,00,000/y*3)15,00,000 8. Publication and documentation charges 5,00,000 9. Contingency (5 years) 20,00,000 Total 1

Hindutva :: essays research papers

The ideology of Hindutva is becoming popular because there is a growing realization that everything else that has been tried to inculcate a national spirit, has failed to yield the desired results. Many people previously opposed to Hindutva have embraced the ideology, as they believe that the solutions to the country's problems can be found within it. At the mass level, with the work done by many individuals and organizations, the acceptance has been a relatively easy task. However, at the intellectual level the success leaves much to be desired. The reason for this is that those who are opposed to Hindutva occupy positions of power in the academic field. They have ensured that the research done on Hindutva remains at the fringe of the scholarly arena. Not only are the public resources denied to the work that needs to be done, but the funds are being invested in anti-Hindutva propaganda, with an intention to prove Hinduism as a regressive religion and a backward culture. Most people who live abroad and write on India rely for their information on the English media and writings, which paint an essentially negative picture of Hindutva. It is therefore necessary to give the theoretical basis of the Hindutva movement due publicity. In one of his recent books, a Eurpean scholar, Dr. Koenraad Elst says, "In Europe every sizeable party or ideological pressure-group has set up a think-tank to develop ideology and formulate policy proposals. The Communists in India have a host of intellectuals (mostly on state and university pay-rolls) working full-time to develop the Marxist view on each and every topic. All the valuable and useful political thought produced by the Hindu movement would not exceed a few volumes, to put mildly. As long as there is no intellectual mobilization, Hindu society is badly on the defensive. Hindu society has a host of bright young people available, trained in traditional or modern learning, whose talent is wasted because there seems to be no Hindu nerve center interested in putting them to work.

Causes of current recession Essay

The America’s economy has been booming, all along before the recession, many questioned has been raised by the experts some even suggesting that, free marketplace as well as free ventures might take the effects wherever the law had unfavourable implications. The recession was first visualized when, the sub-leading mortgagees went ahead to evade on their payments since either they had no enough cash most likely for the reason that the interest rates went up or else they were at a risk of begin given a loan to start business with otherwise they choose a appalling loan whose rate was not fixed (Rigby 3). Each economist suppose that recessions are economic issues that cannot be evaded, they can only be managed to control there level of occurrences (Baveja et al 1). This is because, there are periods of high growth in a healthy economy as well as slow growth and some times no growth. The truth is that, some contracting and expanding has to occur for the economy to be healthy. However, for an economy to be considered in a recession the period for contracting is required to last for at least for two quarters consecutively in a year or a half a year. It is difficult for many people to predict the possibility of occurrence of the next recession. The exact causes of economic recession tend to be a mystery to many people but there are a number of mysteries that give information concerning the causes of economic recession. Some people tend to think that recession is brought by events that are deemed to have a great economic impact in the economy. Some of these events would involve the increase in interest rates or a decline in the confidence of a consumer.   Generally, recession is primarily seen to occur due to the actions that are taken when controlling the supply of money in the economy (Stephen et al 3). The above believe comes with different views from different people, for example, many economists in the United States have believed that economic recession is caused by Federal Reserve. This is because; it is the responsibility of the Federal Reserve to take charge in maintaining an ideal balance between money supply, interest rates and inflation in the United States. Rigby (3) advocates that failure of the Federal Reserve to maintain balance in the above areas it will result to the economy losing control. This is a case that has happened recently in the year 2007. During this year, the Federal Reserve Monetary policy that was used to bring in large amounts of money supply into the market, kept the interest rates below the expected rates but the rising of inflation continued to rise drastically. This problem came together with easy methods of borrowing money that could lead to the crisis of the economy until last year. Most of the economists have believed that America is already in recession and others that the country is heading towards a recession. However, people believe that each recession has its own cause while others believe that recession has only based on one ground. For example, bad investments by business are a single cause of recession in the country. In addition, recessions and depressions such as that of the great Depression are said to be caused by stock market crashes. A sharp increase in oil prices or even going to war are factors that inhibit short term growth in the economy (Harmesh et al 16). It is evident that globalization has changed the nature of business cycle. However, regardless of which theory one would believe in there is no definite answers to the causes of a recession. There is little evidence that recession is brought up by a number of factors. This means that there are many events that take place that result to recession. An example for numerous factor theories is the recession that had taken place after the prices of oil increased dramatically in the 1970’s (Stephen et al 3). This helps in setting off a recession since the prices set off a big economy decline in oil demand. This was because real income had been reduced due to higher costs of the imports of oil. In addition, there was more tight monetary policy that dampened the inflationary pressures which came after the increase of prices. These factors brought down the overall demand that in turn led to a recession. Currently, in America, banks are scared of giving loans to customers. The reason for this is that, the banks are terrified that giving out loans will lead to loosing the money and defaulting if loans. There is the existence of credit crunch that has caused money to be real tight and this is making many banks such as the Lehman brothers to go bankrupt. Another bank known as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were bailout for the purpose of keeping it from standing bottom. This has led to the current loss of money by the stock market because of the major credit crunch that is making investors nervous that a major recession is on the way. A recession is considered to be the goods and services that are down from the previous two quarters or more (Baveja et al 1). The recession being experienced in America has to the number of taxpayers buying out all the dead mortgages to approximate 700 billion. This is a sign that the banks will start once more lending money freely to people. However, currently loans are still given out although at a much higher rate. According to Rigby (6) in order to make more money available and flow freely, central banks across the whole world are cutting the rates if giving loans. To add on this, the effect of crisis in many industries is great due to the consideration of banks as the major capitalist society. This leads to difficult to loan money since it becomes increasingly tight in the borrowing market. Hence less homes are bought as well as cars and even small businesses are affected in the sense that they cannot do payroll. Small businesses spend a lot of time in taking temporary small loans until they are paid for the product or service. In early 2000, there existed a deregulation that caught up greedy banks and the ways in which they were handling out credit and loans to people who cannot afford them hence leading to financial meltdown. The rise of inflation rates that creped very fast led to difficulties for people in paying back loans and credit hence creating a slow meltdown effect. America is considered to be the largest world’s economy and its economy has been seen to be weak and it’s drifting as a result of a collapse of the housing market. There is also the problem of sub prime mortgage turmoil, a severe credit crunch, high oil prices and the deep devaluation of the dollar (Baveja et al 1). Possible solutions in eradicating economic recession People can be disappointed in the fact that there is no cure for economic recession. However, some people argue that fiscal and monetary stimulus should shorten the downturn but patience is needed for it to happen. There is need for changing the legal framework governing the various aspects of economy. It is important for people in the country to be well versed with corporation and banking as well as economics to enhance education among people affected by the results of recession. Learning on the above areas makes people more educated, smart and qualified to deal with economic recession (Stephen et al 3). Recently during the Obama week, there was the introduction of the rescue gains team. In this team there are seven people known as the fixers who are in charge of rescuing the economy. In order to rescue, the teams takes into consideration various issues. During the tenth week of Obama administration, the treasury secretary Tim Geithner unveiled the next phase of the bank bailout (Baveja et al 1). A plan for overhauling regulation of the financial system was outlined by the government. The administration effort is determined to produce economic conditions that are stable. This has helped in improving the sentiment on Wall Street where stocks posted gains for the week. In Capitol Hill, the committees involved in the house and the senate largely supported the Obama plan for 2010 with positive caution. It has been a long debate in the American country to take issues concerning the solution to economic recession. The administration is also concerned with the prevention of future meltdowns through increasing the supervision of the financial markets and prevention of companies from growing too big posing the possibility of failing. The need for investing highly in health care, education and energy was also one of the long term agendas mentioned by the president for the purpose of fighting economic recession in the country The issue of drawing a budget proposal that cannot be separated from the broader themes of economic recovery and future growth was addressed. This budget is referred as laying foundation for a secure and lasting prosperity for economy. My opinion on the best way of dealing with economic recession There is need for changing the legal framework governing the various aspects of economy. It is important for people in the country to be well versed with corporation and banking as well as economics to enhance education among people affected by the results of recession. Learning on the above areas makes people more educated, smart and qualified to deal with economic recession (Harmesh et al 16). Work cited. Baveja Sign Sarabijr, Ellis Steve, Rigby K. Darrell, â€Å"Taking advantage in a down turn,† 2002, 1. â€Å"Havard management update,† leadership & managing, 2001, 8-12. Hamermesh G. Richard, & Dann B. Jeremy, â€Å"STT Aerospace,† 1998, 10-20. Stephen C. Michael, Pearce A. John, â€Å"strategies to prevent economic recessions from causing business failure†, 2006, 1-9. Rigby K. Darrell, â€Å"Moving upward in a down turn,† strategy and execution, 2001, 1-8.

Missed Placed Anger Re-Worked Professor Ramos Blog

Missed Placed Anger Re-Worked Anthony Salazar Sefferino Ramos ENGL-261-20 March 7, 2019 When stories are about a time where people face racism and slavery with the moral of the people of this day and age as it brings much trouble as it meets the controversial topic. As people saw the story â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn† by Mark Twain, the story showed the readers a time when Africans were once slaves in America. So, this caused some readers to see this story as supporting racism since it used derogatory terminology and described how treated the black people. Even to this day, this new generation of readers seem to forget what virulent racism is, as they seem to advocate censoring the story â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,† or even not to let kids read it since it could make the young readers a racist, but that is just not true. While this story fits within a narrow line where many can make points as to why the story is or is not racist, but it is indeed a story that clearly goes against racism both in the late 1800s and today. The causes of the story not being racist can be shown throughout its chapters. The story centers on a kid named Finn, who ran away from his terrible father to get back to his hometown to point he faked his death and ran with a slave named Jim who is also running away. Though the story uses the â€Å"n-word,† it never prompted racism since it focuses on the characters’ moral change. For instance, this is clear when the pair later meet two con artists who kept their secret of Jim being a runaway slave but was soon sold off by the con-artist. That is when Finn meets Tom another main character from another one of Twain’s books, and they rescue Jim. Later, Finn gets back home with Jim and Tom to learn Finn’s dad is dead and Jim is now a free slave. Then Tom and Jim went their separate ways, and Finn decides to not stay in his home-town but to continue traveling to have more adventures. This story again demonstrates that the novel doesn’t support racism, but instead goes against racism. Though many people would not agree since people, especially the United States of America do not want to remember their nations dark past. Though many Americans are disgusted that the story uses a racial slur and showcases a part of the countries history that they wish never happened, the story shows it is against racism by not allowing people to forget that slavery did take place and that it was morally wrong. As many Americans grow knowing that racism wrong, they tend to forget that there are times when people need to show why slavery and racism are wrong, but instead, they try to hide that their country did practice slavery or just say it is terrible without reflecting on the past. When Finn says â€Å"get up and hump yourself, Jim! There ain’t a minute to lose. They’re after us!† there is a clear connection to emotion (Twain 147). This shows a change in Finn’s character as an uncivilized kid living in the south because he is showing concern not just of himself, but of Jim, where he could have just been worried about himself and left Jim behind. Then another point in the story, at the end where Twain wrote, â€Å"We had Jim out of the chains in no time† it is showing that slavery is not a positive thing (Twain 289). Jim is now metaphorical and physically freed, he no longer has a chain. This proves the point that the story is not racist or supporting slavery because a man of color is no longer a slave or being discriminated by the people around him. Some readers will still believe it as a story supporting racism, but really this story is about a victim of racism and slavery. Another point as to why the story is not racist is that it brings out the character Jim out as more than a slave. As Emma Milliken describes, â€Å"Huck saw Jim as a stupid, superstitious, escaped slave,† but that is not the whole story (Milliken 1). When a story is made the writer needs to show a character, and the readers need to understand the character fast. In context wise, it makes sense for a man of color to be a slave and simple for the story as this is for children. That is why Jim seems to be a stupid, superstitious, escaped slave, though later in the story Jim is more than meets the eyes. In an article by David L. Smith, he explains, â€Å"Yet he portrays Jim as a compassionate, shrewd, thoughtful, self-sacrificing, and even wise† (Smith 297). As Smith is explaining Jim is more than a slave at the beginning of the story, because Jim impacted and changed Finn’s moral and helped the nurse Tom a thing not many people can or would do and is even harder for someone that a slave. Where we see a one-dimensional character as a slave but is actually a full characterized one where throughout the story people support to see him be free at the end of the story. These parts in the story point out as to why the story is not racist as Jim becomes free at the end. Though people are trying to erase harsh words in the story to lessen the racism, it is not helping people become less racist. When a harsh word that depicts the reason as to why racism is wrong is removed or replaced, it does not reinforce that racism is wrong but removes the strong reason as to why racism is wrong. To replace the â€Å"n-word† with slavery is just making the story lose its meaning as Michiko Kakutani says, â€Å"Nigger, which appears in the book more than 200 times, was a common racial epithet in the antebellum South, used by Twain as part of his characters’ vernacular speech and as a reflection of mid-nineteenth century social attitudes along the Mississippi River† (Kakutani 305). The story is from a time where the n-word and slavery are common, but one has deeper impact to the readers psychology since they give the â€Å"n-word† more power over them and the â€Å"n-word† is mostly used on black people, and slavery is a word used throughout history and not just in the United States of America. Another point is that if the â€Å"n-word† is swapped to something less harsh it will make the story lose its impact on the reader. As Kakutani also says, â€Å"Tampering with a writer’s words underscores both editors’ extraordinary hubris and a cavalier attitude embraced by more and more people in this day of mash-ups, sampling, and digital books-the attitude that all texts are fungible† (Kakutani 305). Kakutani is ultimately stating that if a story of any kind with great writing can be rewritten to an extent to suit a person’s agenda, then any story can be deemed racist and changed to a point its loses its theme that some readers connect to. Then there are people against the story as, Annemarie Hamlin and Constance Joyner wrote, â€Å"The most calamitous, gut-wrenching moment of class occurred when Dr. Hamlin calmly allowed the word Nigger to flow from her lips. Unless blessed with large amounts of melanin, one cannot imagine how from zero to twenty seconds, a trusting smile, willingness to participate, and a steady heartbeat can turn into a confused grimace, an unwillingness to continue, and overwhelming heartbreak† (Annemarie Hanlin, etc 13). Though she is against Huckleberry Finn including the n-word and their class including it, it shows that the word still causes an impact to people and brings up something that not many people would like to bring up. That is why the story with the controversial issue must not be changed as its loses its meaning and people will not talk about the stuff they necessarily will bring up if it weren’t for the story and if the â€Å"n-word† is replaced people will change it to suit their needs. Thus, the story that goes against racism and the ideas of slavery is misunderstood. As some readers believe that Jim being present shows it supports racism and slavery but are wrong as Jim is free at the end of the story. Though dis-proven others will say, Jim, being introduced in the story as a runaway slave is racist. Even though in context it makes sense and his character is more than that as he did an act not many people and as well as a slave will do. Then removing the â€Å"n-word† makes the story less racist but takes away the point as to why â€Å"n-word† is there and takes away that the story is going against racism. Those are the reasons as to why the novel by Mark Twain is not racist or supporting slavery because it goes against the ideas of slavery and is a story going against racism as a black man is free at the end of the story. : Hamlin, Annemarie, and Constance Joyner. â€Å"Racism and Real Life.† Radical Teacher, no. 80, Dec. 2007, pp. 12–18. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ehhAN=29363695site=ehost-live. Kakutani, Michiko. â€Å"Light Out, Huck, They still want to Sivilize you.† The Norton Anthology American Literature, pp. 304-306 Milliken, Emma. â€Å"The Humanity/Ies of Huck Finn: A Journey Down the River of Hope.† Journal of College Admission, no. 216, Summer 2012, pp. 2–3. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=ehhAN=85798913site=ehost-live. Smith, David. â€Å"From Huck, Jim and American Racial Discourse.† The Norton Anthology American Literature, pp. 296-298. Twain, Mark. â€Å"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.† The Norton Anthology American Literature, pp.108-290.

How to avoid email e-rage - Emphasis

How to avoid email e-rage How to avoid email e-rage It will probably come as no surprise to learn that email regularly offends many UK workers. What may come as more of a shock is the news that it upsets only one in three people, according to a recent survey by email-provider GMX. Our own research shows that approximately 1.2 billion people worldwide now use email, making it officially the most time-consuming activity for information workers. So it’s little wonder that a third of us regularly have to pry open clenched fists to type our replies. But these are also the very reasons why we should all try to do a little better by each other. Under the daily pressures of time, it seems to make sense to dash off a dozen words under a generic subject line. The other person should be on the same page as you, right? But how many times has this supposed time-saver ended up in confused emails batting back and forth like an increasingly aggressive table tennis match? After all, just like you, your recipient will almost certainly be dealing with other problems, clients and projects. Its best to assume they do not have an infallible, photographic memory or infinite time to investigate what you’re getting at. If everyone stuck to these guidelines, the world of email would be much more pleasant and productive for everyone: Use the subject line meaningfully. A title like ‘a question’ or ‘training’ won’t mean much. The more specific you are, the more likely you are to jog their memory and to get a response more quickly. Start off with the main event – the crux of your message – not the winding anecdote that led up to it. In other words, put the ‘what’ before the ‘why’. Then, if they only scan half of it, they should still get the point. Keep it as short as possible. The longer and more densely packed the text, the more it’ll put the reader off. Stick to one subject per email. But do add any little details (dates, times, names etc.) that will help them by saving them a search. Be reader-focused and don’t assume they know everything you do. Read your emails as carefully as your time allows. Weve probably all fired back an impatient demand for more information just before realising the detail we needed was buried in there all along. If the subject matter needs real discussion, are you sure email is the best way to communicate? If in doubt, pick up the phone. You can always send a confirmation email afterwards. And, even in the darkest depths of e-rage, remember: the laws of libel apply to email. So take a few deep breaths (or, better still, sleep on it) before you press ‘send’ on something you can’t take back.

Technology DQ3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Technology DQ3 - Essay Example e a drift towards attaining more cohesiveness and oneness within their processes and tasks and for this matter they have undertaken measures to incorporate more and more use of technological regimes – for the betterment of one and all. It is a fact that the business world of present times can have a lot of improvement within their ranks if they adopt the policy of working towards the establishment of different management systems that have an incorporation of technology. This would guarantee them a lot of success as their employees and workers would dedicate their whole hearted efforts towards the different tasks of the company as well as towards their own individual capacities. Once these technologically-assisted management systems are installed and are in place, we can have a proper check and balance mechanism as concerns to the people who are working in the company. One such of these management systems is the performance management systems within the human resources unit whi ch makes use of the fact that performance is increased on the part of all concerned and there is no shortfall as concerns to commitment, dedication and devotion when at work. 2) Based on the readings and personal experience, what are the responsibilities of a manager to ensure that company supported effectiveness technology is being used in a cost-effective and responsible manner by employees? The work culture within the domains of a manager must suit the interests of the organization in the best form possible. For this to happen, it is necessary to understand that technology has got an immense role to play in the manager’s repertoire. Also there should be a comprehension that managers work in a global world where technology has of late been instrumental at dramatically changing the way we perceive the events that govern our lives. The accession of technology to managers around the globe means that the same has resulted in the amalgamation of technological expertise and the like for a

The Slum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Slum - Essay Example That experience was horrible and embarrassing for any lady and these types of experiences were common for slum dwellers. The experiences of the slum dwellers will shock the readers and make them feel shame. They will a world apart, a beleaguered service sector, work force that surrounds new economy, which remains feeling bad about the unmet needs and desires. The health of those people should be taken care by some others like social service organizations or by the governments as they don't have enough money to spend lavishly on quality health services. Most of the medical facilities which are available with five star facilities and costly were just a dream for the people living in slums. The way the doctors, nurses and midwives deal with patients resemble class politics. Though some of nurses and midwives were part of the slums they treat their co dwellers as second grade citizens. The difference that has been shown and being shown was a result of the discrimination shown by the peop le who employ them. The homes of the people in the slums are not comfortable, forget about spaciousness. The myriad physical activities between the adults during night will not have any privacy and there is very much chance of exposed to children. This makes both adults and children psychologically depressed. This depression results in pessimism in many people and determination in only a few of people. So majority of the slum dwellers do not enjoy or achieve much in their life. If one or two achieve their stories will be an example to study. This shows that success is not common in slums as it was in other areas. The main reason for this is not only the psychological depression caused due to living in uncomfortable houses but also the economical inability to join their children in the schools that offer quality education. The schools which accommodate slum children do not have qualified teachers or a play ground for the children to play. The class rooms can be considered as prison type and the children will feel quarantined rather than getting a learning experience. All the twenty four hours in the day will make the children to feel discomfort in one or the other way. The lack of satisfaction in them makes them vulnerable for various temptations of wrong doings. Majority of the children grow as youngsters to be attracted towards the illegal activities or towards the low wage jobs. This makes them again living in slums. Only the candidates who are meritorious congenitally will thrive in the education and get scholarships or lift in the society. The income of those people will hardly meet with the expenses of the comforts. When they go out they look for the facility which will give less expenditure. They do not bother about the comforts or in one sense they invite discomfort for the sake of saving money. They prefer to stay in the car or a bus for the night instead of taking a room in the hotel when they are outdoors. This is due to their financial inability to meet the expenses of both boarding and lodging when they go out. If one is met the other must be sacrificed. Generally they choose for meeting the boarding expenses and just adjust with the lodging facilities. The people in urban slums live in a type of settlement environment. This makes them insecure as they are supposed to evict at any time. The housing is not durable and precarious. As more number of people live in

The films Jurassic Park and The Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The films Jurassic Park and The Matrix - Essay Example This research is the best example of comparison of the films Jurassic Park and The Matrix. There exist some similarities and dissimilarities between both these films and directors. To be specific, the most important similarity is that both the films represent the same theme, future of human race and development within science, computing and information technology. The basic difference is that both the directors superimpose the same theme in different contexts. One can easily identify that the film Jurassic Park is symbolic of the industrial scope of amusement parks. So, the Jurassic Park which consists of cloned dinosaurs represents the human effort to exploit the scope of amusement parks as an industrial venture. In the film, the spark of greed that can be viewed in the eyes of John Hammond (owner of the park) while inviting the experts to the park (opening scene) prove that industrial interest is the grass root level reason behind the construction of the park, not mere amusement. O n the other side, the film The Matrix deals with the scope of philosophy that can be inculcated to the scenario of cinematography. To be specific, the portrayal of the protagonist (Neo) as a superhuman in a number of fight scenes is interconnected with the philosophical concept of super-humanism put forth by Nietzsche. So, the film Jurassic Park represents the influence of industrialization in the field of amusement and the film The Matrix represents the influence of philosophy in the cinematography. ... Besides, Spielberg’s earlier films like E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (released in 1982) proves that he is utmost interested in creating imaginative creatures and imaginary worlds. On the other side, the Wachowski brothers were deeply influenced by different fields of knowledge, art and entertainment. For instance, the philosophic content of the conversation between Neo and Morpheus proves that Wachowski brothers made use of philosophy in this film. Besides, the film’s theme is symbolic of the influence of literature and spirituality. Themes and narrative techniques The dominant theme in the film Jurassic Park is the danger of manipulating scientific experimentation for entertainment value and harmful effect of human interference into the rules of nature. On the other side, the film The Matrix deals with the same theme because the director provides ample importance to the drawbacks of the development of science and information technology, especially computing. One can easi ly identify that this film portrays the human dependence on machines and its consequences in future. On the other side, the narrative techniques made use by Spielberg and Wachowski brothers is different. For instance, Spielberg makes use of background sound to create terror in the minds of the viewers and to manage the story information. For example, the sounds of the dinosaurs (artificial) played in the opening scene and the close ups in scene 3 leads the viewers towards an imaginative world of dinosaurs. On the other side, the film The Matrix makes use of the theme music (say, not sound) and visual effects like ‘bullet time’ as an innovative narrative technique to mesmerize the viewers. Visuals/stylistic characteristics

Web Communities Essay Example for Free

Web Communities Essay The movie Julie and Julia directed by Nora Ephron and starring Meryl Streep and Amy Adams released last year 2009 is the story of Julie Powell (played by Amy Adams), a call canter agent in Lower Manhattan Development Corporations in New York in 2002. Her job is answering phone calls and providing assistance to all the victims of September 11 attacks and other related complaints. This movie made an impact to all people who loves to cook besides having regular work. What makes this movie significant is that it is based on Julie Powell’s blog which has indeed made an impact. Her blog eventually went on to become a book in 2005 titled Julie and Julia: 365 Days, 524 Recipes, 1 Tiny Apartment Kitchen which was later renamed Julie and Julia: My Year of Cooking Dangerously when printed on paperback. Her book, as well as that of American culinary icon Julia Child (played by Meryl Streep), My Life in France, would be the basis of the film’s story. From one dream, the story itself influenced everybody. All the wonderful ideas and dreams to make it happen are really hard to do. But in this movie, the two main characters give their insight on how they make their dreams come true and they believe on it. As Julie takes on the challenge to cook all the recipes in the book of legendary chef Julia Child titled, Mastering the Art of French Cooking which was published in 1961. She plans to cook all of her 500-plus recipes within a year. At the same time, Julie would write a blog to share her cooking progress and she also shares it to everybody through online blogging that her husband Eric taught her how to write a blog. He is a very patient husband who strongly believes in her that she is a good writer and she can accomplish the challenge. At the same time, the scenes from the movie would shift to Julia Child, depicting the early years of her cooking career in Paris (Ephron). On the first day of the challenge, Julie writes all her plans on that day and what kind of recipe she will cook. At first, it seems that everything awkward or strange. She also wonders if there is anybody listening on her while she is writing down her progress. From time to time, whenever she updates her blog, it seems like she is talking to herself. She is also expecting that someone would leave comments for her. One day, while she was in the office, she received the first and only comment from somebody, and she never expected that it would come from Julia Child herself, who commented that Julie must be clueless about what she is doing. Each passing day, she is having difficulty in some of the recipes because of the instruction and it also shows her aversion to eggs but she took it as a challenge to cook and eat it for the first time in her life and realized she loves it. So many days passed for her to complete the challenge, and blogging gives her a lot of devotion until she finally accomplished it. (Ephron) Blogging is made for personal writing about ones person life, writing and updating it with whatever one wants to write, whether it is about a hobby or some other interest one would like to share with others. When people read blogs, it would arouse their interests and from there create a chain reaction as more and more people would write a blog on a similar topic they share and sooner or later, became something worth discussing. Blogging has a way of attracting people who share common interests and the end result is the creation of web communities. Although this is also mirrored by real-life communities, one advantage web communities have is it is more far-reaching and can go beyond borders and touch base with anybody around the world which is virtually connected online. This is one of the wonders of the Internet as it connects people the world over transcending borders and uniting them with a common interest. Works Cited Julie and Julia. Dir. Nora Ephron. Perf. Amy Adams Meryl Streep. 2009.

The Ideology Of The Ruling Party Politics Essay

The Ideology Of The Ruling Party Politics Essay India with a population of around a billion and an electorate of over 700 million is the worlds largest democracy and, for all its faults and flaws, this democratic system stands in marked contrast to the democratic failures of Pakistan and Bangladesh which were part of India until 1947. Unlike the American political system and the British political system which essentially have existed in their current form for centuries, the Indian political system is a much more recent construct dating from Indias independence from Britain in 1947. The current constitution came into force on 26 November 1950 and advocates the trinity of justice, liberty and equality for all citizens. In stark contrast with the current constitution of Japan which has remained unchanged, the constitution of India has been one of the most amended national documents in the world with more than 80 changes. Many of these amendments have resulted from a long-running dispute involving the Parliament and the Supreme Court over the rights of parliamentary sovereignty as they clash with those of judicial review of laws and constitutional amendments. Indias lower house, the Lok Sabha, is modelled on the British House of Commons, but its federal system of government borrows from the experience of the United States, Canada and Australia. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH The head of state in India is the President. This is normally a ceremonial role, originally modelled on the British monarch to advise, encourage and warn the elected government on constitutional matters. The President can return a Parliamentary Bill once for reconsideration and, in times of crisis such as a hung Parliament, the role is pivotal. The President can declare a state of emergency which enables the Lok Sabha to extend its life beyond the normal five-year term. As members of an electoral college, around 4,500 members of the national parliament and state legislators are eligible to vote in the election of the President. The Indian Presidency has recently attracted special attention because for the first time a woman now occupies the role: Pratibha Patil who was formerly governor of the northern Indian state of Rajasthan. There is also the post of Vice-President who is elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of both houses of parliament. The Vice-President chairs the the upper house called the Rajya Sabh. The head of the government is the Prime Minister who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the majority party in the lower house or Lok Sabha. Currently the Prime Minister is Manmohan Singh of the ruling United Progressive Alliance. Key features of the Prime Minister (head of government): Commander in Chief of the military and acts as ultimate military authority. Through the cabinet proposes the bulk of legislation to the House of the People Acts as the head of the Majority party in the House of the people and is installed. No term limit and can be removed through a vote of no confidence. Key Features of the President (head of state) key features: elected to 5 year terms. Ceremonially appoints the Prime Minister Appoints the Cabinet Ministers Can dissolve the Lok Sabha after the Prime minister loses a vote of no confidence. Can declare national state of emergency or Presidential rule of a state. Ministers are then appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and these ministers collectively comprise the Council of Ministers. THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH The lower house in the Indian political system is the Lok Sabha or House of the People. As set out in the Constitution, the maximum size of the Lok Sabha is 552 members, made up of up to 530 members representing people from the states of India, up to 20 members representing people from the Union Territories, and two members to represent the Anglo-Indian community if it does not have adequate representation in the house according to the President. Currently the size of the house is 545 made up of 530 elected from the states, 13 elected from the territories, and two nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. By far the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 80 members. At the other end of the scale, three states have only one representative each. There are certain constituencies where only candidates from scheduled casts and scheduled tribes are allowed to stand. Each member except the two nominated ones represents a geographical single-member constituency as in the British model for the House of Commons. Each Lok Sabha is formed for a five year term, after which it is automatically dissolved, unless extended by a Proclamation of Emergency which may extend the term in one year increments. This has happened on three occasions: 1962-1968, 1971 and 1975-1977. Elections are a huge and complex affair which nationwide are held in five seperate rounds taking a total of 28 days. Link: Lok Sabha The upper house in the Indian political system is the Rajya Sabha or Council of States. As set out in the Constitution, the Rajya Sabhahas has up to 250 members. 12 of these members are chosen by the President for their expertise in specific fields of art, literature, science, and social services. These members are known as nominated members. The remainder of the house currently comprising 238 members is elected indirectly by the state and territorial legislatures in proportion to the units population. Again, of course, the largest state representation is that of Uttar Pradesh with 31 members. The method of election in the local legislatures is the single transferable vote. Terms of office are for six years, with one third of the members facing re-election every two years. The Rajya Sabha meets in continuous session and, unlike the Lok Sabha, it is not subject to dissolution. Link: Rajya Sabha The two houses share legislative powers, except in the area of supply (money) where the Lok Sabha has overriding powers. In the case of conflicting legislation, a joint sitting of the two houses is held. If there is a conflict which cannot be resolved even by the joint committee of the two houses, it is solved in the joint session of the Parliament, where the will of the Lok Sabha almost always prevails, since the Lok Sabha is more than twice as large as the Rajya Sabha. POLITICAL PARTIES In India, political parties are either a National Party of a State Party. To be considered a National Party, a political party has to be recognised in four or more states and to be either the ruling party or in the opposition in those states. Ever since its formation in 1885, the Indian National Congress (INC) and its successor has been the dominant political party in India. For its first six decades, its focus was on campaigning for Indian independence from Britain. Since independence in 1947, it has sought to be the governing party of the nation with repeated success. As a result, for most of its democratic history, the Lok Sabha has been dominated by the Indian Congress Party which has been in power for a great deal of the time. However, since the Congress Party lost power in 1989, no single party has been able to secure an overal majority in the Lok Sabha, making coalitions inevitable. Also, unlike Japan where the Liberal Democrat Party has been in power almost continuously, Congress has had (usually short) periods out of power, between 1977-1980, 1989-1991 and 1996-2004. The original Congress Party espoused moderate socialism and a planned, mixed economy. However, its spin-off and successor, Congress (I) I in honour of Indira Gandhi now supports deregulation, privatisation and foreign investment. While the Congress Party has historically dominated Indian politics, the leadership of the Congress Party in turn has been dominated by one family: Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first Prime Minister, served for 17 years; his daughter Indira Gandhi later became Prime Minister; his grandson Rajiv Gandhi was also Prime Minister; currently the widow of Rajiv Gandhi, the Italian-born Sonia Gandhi holds the position as Congress President although she has refused to accept the post of Prime Minister; and her son Rahul Gandhi is a Member of Parliament, while her daughter Priyanka Gandhi is an active political campaigner. The Indian Congress Party is the leading party in the Centre-Left political coalition called the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) which embraces a total of 16 parties. The other major, but more recently-established, political party in India is the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). Created in 1980, it represents itself as a champion of the socio-religious cultural values of the countrys Hindu majority and advocates conservative social policies and strong national defence. The BJP, in alliance with several other parties, led the government between 1998-2004. The Bharatiya Janata Party is the leading party in the Right-wing political coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). When it was originally founded in 1998, there were 13 parties in the coalition but currently there are eight. A Third Front is a grouping centred on the Communists. THE JUDICIAL BRANCH The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in civil, criminal and constitutional cases. The court consists of up to 26 judges, including the Chief Justice of India, all of whom are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. They serve until the age of 65. THE STATES India is a huge country both demographically and geographically and consequently it operates a federal system of government. Below the national level, there are 28 States and seven Union Territories. The largest of Indias states is Uttar Pradesh (UP) in the north of the country. With over 175 million inhabitants, UP is the most populous state in India and is also the most populous country subdivision in the world. On its own, if it was an independent nation, this state would be the worlds sixth biggest country. Only China, India itself, the United States, Indonesia and Brazil have a higher population. In Indian general elections, it fills more than one-seventh of the seats in Indias Parliament and, such is the states caste-based and sometimes violent politics that, currently a quarter of UPs MPs face criminal charges. Over the years, India has evolved from a highly centralised state dominated by one political party to an increasingly fragmented nation, more and more influenced by regional parties and more and more governed locally by unstable multi-party alliances. In the General Election of 2009, Congress and the BJP faced each other in only seven of the 28 States; elsewhere, one of the two national parties faced a regional party. CONCLUSION Politics in India is much rougher and much more corrupt that in the democracies of Europe and North America. Political assassination is not uncommon: the revered Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984, and the Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 were all killed by assassins. Communal, caste and regional tensions continue to haunt Indian politics, sometimes threatening its long-standing democratic and secular ethos. Recent years have seen the emergence of so-called RTI activists tens of thousands of citizens, often poor, sometimes almost illiterate, frequently highly motivated who use the Right To Information legislation of 2005 to promote transparency and attack corruption in public institutions. In the first five years of the legislation, over a million RTI requests were filed and so threatening to authority have some of the RTI activists become that a number of have been murdered. (B) The ideology of the ruling party Political parties in India love to talk about ideology. Each political party is supposed to have an ideology. So even if a political party does not have any ideology, it will never say so. If you were to ask probing questions about a partys ideology to a staunch loyalist of the party, you would either be bombarded with a short, nebulous and high-sounding label or be told that the ideology is too complex for anyone to understand so quickly and one would need to spend a few years in the party to really understand the ideology of the party. The mystification of ideology goes back in Indian history to Gandhi. From around 1920 to 1947, Gandhi ruled over Indian political scene through the ideological direction that he provided to Congress. Gandhian ideology was supposed to be very simple, based as it was on just two simple principles of truth and non-violence. Yet, it was not so simple. Nobody, during Gandhis time (and even after his death), could claim to have understood Gandhian ideology completely. Followers of Gandhi would claim their degree of understanding of the ideology based on the years they had spent with Gandhi. Ideology of Gandhi consisted of all that he spoke over the years. If there was an internal inconsistency or contradiction in his utterances or actions, it was not for a Gandhian to question it. All that an ordinary mortal could do was to just look with reverence at all that Gandhi did. If Gandhi deviated from what he had said in the past, it was hailed as development of Gandhian thought and was acclaime d as an experiment with truth. On the other hand, if anyone else moved a step beyond literal words of Gandhi, it was condemned. Gandhi was surely a great leader. But his ideology did not live past him. Even his brightest follower, whom he liked most, did not follow his ideology. Nehrus dreams of modern India had nothing Gandhian about them. As long as Gandhi lived, for Congressmen, sole source of ideology was Gandhi. After Gandhis death this position passed on to Nehru. After Nehru, there was a brief interlude when Lal Bahadur Shastri in his position as the sole fountainhead of Congress ideology proclaimed Jai Jawan, Jai Kissan. Soon after the interlude, Indira Gandhi stepped in. Her vision of socialism was a departure from Gandhi, Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri. Such departures did not bother Congressmen who, by that time, knew only one ideology Boss is always right. Less than a decade after Indira Gandhis death, a Congress Prime Minister initiated reforms and demolished licence-permit-quota-raj built assiduously by Indira Gandhi and Nehru. The same Congressmen, who had been declaring their unflinching loyalty to Nehru-Indira ideology, now were the champions of economic reforms, liberalization and globalization. Temples of modern India, built as part of Nehrus vision, were to be sold as part of disinvestment and Congress was applauding. The irony is that the author of economic reforms has now become the prime minister of India with support of socialist and communist parties. He continues to talk of reforms in the same breath as reservations for backward classes in private sector. Ideological contradictions have never bothered Congress. The party has evolved through contradictions and probably that is its greatest strength. Irrespective of all that Congress leaders may shout from public platforms, the essential ideology of Congress is pragmatism. Cynics might say that pragmatism is a lofty word for collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest. But that is just another way of looking at Congress, which claims to be a party that knows how to rule. It is a party that knows how to mould itself to suit the circumstances. If it sees wide support for Hindutwa, it will jump to the Hindu bandwagon. One cannot forget that Rajiv Gandhi took the lead in production of TV serials like Ramayan and Mahabharat; and Sardar Patel took the initiative for reconstruction of Somnath temple. On the other hand if Muslim fundamentalism is the flavour of the month, Congress can even get parliament to pass a law that overrules a Supreme Court judgement. Being on the right side of the ideological divide, in line with changing times, is a natural gift of the Congress. The party can be different things to different persons and no one can afford to make a categorical statement about the ideology of Congress. As they say, it is so profound and complex that you will need to devote a lifetime to understand it and may be even then you would still not have understood it. Of course, if you are fortunate enough to become President of All India Congress Committee and Prime Minister of India, every statement you make will be accorded the status of Biblical truth. There are a large number of Indian parties, which are just clones of Congress. Most of them are regional parties. They have failed to become national parties because (a) they are unable to match the brand goodwill that Congress enjoys and (b) they do not have the resources that Congress commands. Many of them are successful in their region because their leaders are able to maintain a closer (compared to Congress and other national parties) contact with local aspirations and are able to better satisfy the collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest of the breed that is known in todays India as political workers. The importance of this breed cannot be overemphasized. Socialist thinkers (Ram Manohar Lohia and others) drew from this breed and created a sub-breed called socialists. This sub-segment is characterized by extreme individualism. For socialists, the pursuit of self-interest is hardly collective. Socialists get together and separate at such a quick pace that one loses track of who is in which party. Their individualism gets a collective tinge in the form of catering to family ties and caste interests. India is probably the only country where all socialist parties are casteist. There are also caste-based parties whose only ideological commitment is catering to the interests of one or more set of castes. Such caste-based parties also often paint themselves with socialist colours. Caste as a reality of Indian politics has not spared even the communists. Yet, it must be admitted that communists remain the only group in Indian political jungle with a fairly well defined ideology. Of course, having an ideology is different from following it. Communism, as propounded by Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin or Mao Tse Tung, is a dictatorship of the proletariat. Its existence in a free democracy with mixed economy is an anachronism. For the past five decades, Indian communist parties have been trying to come to terms with existence in a democratic society. Till the collapse of Soviet Union, at least one of the Communist parties received indirect financial and moral support from Soviet Union. The fall of Soviet Union was a big blow for Indian communists in more ways than one. To survive, almost all communist parties have turned lobbyists for organized labour. Most public sector units and a few large private sector industries have communist trade unions. These trade unions pro vide the funds for running of communist parties in India. Dictatorship of the proletariat has, hence, turned into pressure tactics and lobbying for more and more benefits for the pampered unproductive workers of unprofitable public sector industries. If providing these benefits makes it necessary to impose higher taxes on the proletariat, the communists do not mind it. According to Marx, industrialization was a necessary perquisite for communism. Indian communists have, however, led to a virtual stoppage of industrialization in the two states of Kerala and West Bengal where they have ruled for a long time. The communist political worker is not much different from the general breed of self-interest driven political workers. A few years back, an erstwhile close friend moved from being a full time worker of a communist trade union to Bharatiya Janata Party via Hindujas (a well-known business family). He was welcomed with open arms by the top brass of BJP. Today, he is part of the topmost echelons of BJP. Most people are surprised by, what they see as, his ideological somersault. The fact is that in the ideology-less world of Indian politics, there is a good demand for expert players who can play this game with aplomb without any pangs of conscience. Till a few years back, BJP did not recruit from the floating pool of such expert players. RSS used to provide BJP with all the manpower that it needed. Even today bulk of BJPs manpower needs are met by supplies from RSS. For past seven decades or so, the organizational structure of RSS with its roots spread across the length and breadth of the country has been inspiring a new and different set of volunteers to step into public life. This set did not come into public life for the gains of power or for amassing wealth. Before BJPs rise to power in some states, they used to endure great hardships. The zeal and commitment of RSS workers was praised by even their adversaries and critics. RSS workers were fired by an ideology, often called as Hindu nationalism, that could best be described as a mix of nationalism and strong religious sentiments. RSS did not invent Hindu nationalism. The ideology is more than a century old. Towards the end of nineteenth century, Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekanand, working independently, built a religious-political movement that in due course became the foundation of Indias freedom struggle. Both of them were bitterly opposed by the orthodox elements of Hinduism at that time. They espoused a version of Hinduism, which was progressive and reformist. This was unacceptable to Shankaracharyas and other authorities of Hindu community. In a way, Dayanand-Vivekanand combine represented one ideology and Shankaracharyas represented quite an opposite ideology. In the initial years, RSS represented the former, but it never spelled its ideology in explicit terms. To an extent, RSS felt that ideological confusion would help it attract all sections of Hindu society, so all ideological debates were forbidden. Its aim to become an omnibus diluted its ideological focus. RSS chose to replace ideology with emotion. Senior leaders of RSS preached that organizations are built on the basis of bonds of heart and not on the basis of intellectual debate. Bonds of heart are useful for building a large voluntary organization, but they are of no use when one has to govern or take key decisions in fields of economic or strategic policy. This explains the floundering of BJP as a party of governance. RSS was built to be a fighting machine. The operating software of this machine does not have the capability to deliberate on profound complicated issues. Action rather than thought is the key focus of RSS as well as BJP. It is hence not surprising that RSS, as well as BJP, lacks clarity on all ideological issues. As an example, let us take the case of Common Civil Code. For more than five decades, RSS and all its offshoots have been demanding a common civil code. In this long period it has never occurred to them to prepare a draft of the proposed common civil code. I have asked senior leaders of Sangh clan about what they want in the common civil code. Their stock reply is that as and when they are in a position to pass such legislation, they will appoint a group to prepare such a draft. In other words they acknowledge that they do not even know what should be the broad contours of the code for which they have been shouting for half a century. Lack of depth marks every single ideological plank that RSS and BJP claim as their essential identity. Of course, I have not spent a lifetime working with the Sangh clan and Sangh loyalists would be quick to shout that I lack the essential qualification to comment on their ideology. Have we heard that before? Yes, Congressmen say the same. In a way, BJP has just become a clone of Congress. What Gandhi is to Congress, Guru Golwalkar and Dr. Hedgewar are to BJP. BJP officially claims to follow the ideology of EKATM MANAVWAD (translated by them as Integrated Humanism), propounded by Deendayal Upadhyay. I have yet to meet a BJP leader who can explain the ideology in some depth. You may, of course, try to work as an apprentice with some BJP leaders and hopefully before the end of your life you would know what integrated humanism is all about. The ideological vacuum in BJP is filled by one universal ideology Boss is always right. So, just as Congressmen look up to Sonia Gandhi as the fountainhead of ideology, BJP cadres look up to Atal Bihari Vajpayee and LK Advani. RSS, which claims to be the mother organization of BJP, has lost its moral high ground. RSS still supplies bulk of manpower for BJP. But, for a BJP leader, utterances of Atal-Advani are more important than the noises coming from RSS headquarters at Nagpur. Ideological somersaults committed by Atal-Advani have often confused laymen. Diehard BJP loyalists have, however, been quick to change tacks as and when the bosses jumped. These loyalists have risen in BJP hierarchy and live a life of luxury with all the trappings of power. As BJP leaders have got used to a life of luxury, a major change has come about. Word has gone around that the right channel to get into BJP goes via RSS. As a result, the profile of volunteers entering RSS has undergone a sea change. Emotionally charged, ideologically inspired zeal and commitment are now history. Career-oriented would-be politicians with dreams of power and luxury are entering RSS en route to BJP. They ask no questions and are too willing to jump with every somersault of the leadership. The conversion of BJP into a Congress-clone or a club for collective unbridled pursuit of self-interest signals a national crisis. A decade back, BJP (and Sangh clan) was seen to be the great hope for India. Today, BJP is just another party of petty politicians. India has lost all hopes from her political class, which is intellectually, morally and ideologically bankrupt. A country without hope is in a danger zone. India cannot remain in this zone for long. A new ideology and a new political party, which will be the torchbearer of the new ideology, is the need of the hour. As the new ideology and party take shape, we can either curse our luck for living in this hour of crisis of ideology or we can work for heralding the new sunrise. (C) The strength of opposition The opposition in a democracy plays as important a role as the government. For a strong and sensible government to work in a proper way, according to the will of the people, and equally strong and sensible opposition is a must. Such an opposition is the secret of the success of democracy in England, the oldest democracy of the word. There is mainly one strong political party is opposition. In this lies the strength of democracy in that country. On the other hand, in Indian there are a number of opposition parties constantly quarreling among themselves. This is the greatest weakness of Indian democracy. In India there is no strong, united and healthy opposition. There are various reasons for it. No industrial revolution has taken place in this country. The result is that the working class is not politically conscious and, therefore, it is disunited and weak. The opposition parties do not have any clear cut programmes and policies. Their approach is often communal, sectarian or regional. Their leaders are confused and have no idea of their aims and objectives. They quarrel for power and there are frequent splits. There are often defections on a large scale. People do not have faith in such parties, and so they fail to secure a majority in the elections. In the legislature itself, their leaders indulge in destructive criticism to gain their political ends. They keep party interest above national interest. The role of opposition in a democracy is very important. The opposition accelerates the growth of the county or retards its growth by untimely agitations. For example, the violent agitations in Gujarat, Bihar, Assam and Punjab resulted in great loss of life and propensity and failed entirely to gain their objectives. The Governments policy of State Trading in Food grains was wrongly criticized for political reasons. The result was that procurement targets could not be reached and wheat had to be imported to build up comfortable buffer stock. This was essential to hold the price-line. Such a destructive approach is against the national interest. The role of opposition in a democracy should be healthy. It should criticize the Government policies in the national interest and not for part gains. The opposition parties must come together and merge on the basic of similarity in their ideologies. Universal illiteracy and universal poverty, unhealthy linguist, regionalism, racism and casteism characterize Indian life. They are all obstacles in the way of the growth of a cohesive social and political life in the country. There is a mushroom growth of political parties due to the selfishness and lack of far sightedness of their leaders. Parties can come together on the basis of common ideology. But in India the party alliances are opportunistic, the only common ground between them being their hostility to the Government. Obviously, such alliances are bound to be short lived. For example, the Janta Party was a coalition of a number of political parties. So it, could not rule the nation for any length of time. It was thrown out of power due to the inter-quarreling of the opposition parties. In a democracy the aims of the Government and the opposition should be the same- the good of the people. The opposition should criticize the government to implement its manifesto. It should criticize the government only to make it more efficient and honest. Criticism should be based on sound principles. Opposition parties should keep in mind that they may be called upon by the people to form the Government by any time. They should, therefore, function in a responsible way. Prior to 1967, the opposition was divided into an array of small parties. While the Congress garnered between 45 percent and 48 percent of the vote, no opposition party gained as much as 11 percent, and during the entire period, only two parties won 10 percent. Furthermore, in each election, independent candidates won between 12 percent and 20 percent of the vote. The oppositions first significant attempt to achieve electoral unity occurred during the 1967 elections when opposition party alliances won control of their state governments in Bihar, Kerala, Orissa, Punjab, and West Bengal. In Rajasthan an opposition coalition prevented the Congress from winning a majority in the state legislature and forced it to recruit independents to form a government. The Congress electoral debacle encouraged even more dissidence within the party, and in a matter of weeks after the elections, defections brought down Congress governments in Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. By July 1967, state governments of two-thirds of the country were under opposition rule. However, opposition rule in many cases was short-lived. The aftermath of the 1967 elections initiated a climate of politics by defection in which the Congress, and to a lesser extent the opposition, attempted to overthrow governments by winning over their state legislators with promises of grea ter political power and outright bribes. Needless to say, this period seriously undermined the ability of most parties to discipline their members. The increase in opposition-ruled state governments after 1967 also prompted the Congress to use Presidents Rule to dismiss opposition-led state governments with increasing frequency (see Emergency Provisions and Authoritarian Powers, this ch.). Although the centrist and right-wing opposition formed a grand alliance during the 1971 parliamentary elections, it was not until the general elections of 197